Electromagnetic adding device for computers



Jan. 11, 1955 w. HOPPE 2,699,290

ELECTROMAGNETIC ADDING DEVICE FOR COMPUTERS w. HOPFE ELECTROMAGNETIC ADDING mav1ca FOR com=umas Fil'ed March 19, 1951 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 W. HOPPE ELEZCTROMAGNETIC ADDING DEVICE F'OR COMPUTERS Jan. 11 1955 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 F'iled March 19, 1951 Unted Statcs Patent *O ELECTROM'AGNE'IIC ADDING DEVIOE FOR COMPUTERS Walter Hoppe, Agno, Tessin, Switzerland Application Marh 19., 1951, -Serial No. 216,361 Claims priority, application Switzefland 'March 20, 1950 8 Claims -(Cl. 235-61) The invention relates to a device .for the electromagnetic operation of switches by groups of contact operators according to two -or more parameters.

A problem frequentlyoccurring in electrical engineer ng is the electrical operation of switches by groups of contact operators iaccordng to a parameter. Thisparameter must be capable of being introduced in an .electrcal way in order to be elcctrically eiectve, e. g. eby the clos ngof contacts sayin a leey board. Each individnal key has eertan functions allotted in a group :of relays, indicatng mechanisrns etc., "which functions are unequivo callydefined by th's lcey and which are per-formed when the said key is =operated. However, there are fnrlther appliances in -the art of electrica'l switching in which the functions which are triggered off in a group of relays, indicating mechansms or the "like -are determined -not by a single parameter, but by two or more parameters. These parameters can be introduced into the appliance, for example, by two key =boards S =that always two keys have to be operated, or one or both -key boards can be replaced :by electromagnetically operatecl switches (con tact operators, e. g. relays). In special cases the device required for determining 0115 of the parameters can be formed directly by the group of the electrical contact operators the functon of which is -controlled by the two or more parameters; however, more than ons parameter (e. g. existing parameters) can -be given by these contact operators if desired. In these special cases, re sults just obtained by the appliance -are introduced as controllng values (parameters) for the next operation phase of the appliances, ether alone 01' W'ith others.

In a device with simnltaneous introduction of two parameters -the first series .l may comprise the possible (discrete) values 1 to n-1, andthe second series II may comprise 1 to 112, then n1..n2 different parameter Cornbinations are possible, which accordingly can trigger fl a maximum of "11.112 functions in the contact "operators to be operated or in indicator mechanism. Ina simple case -each of these functions -consists in the operation of an electrical contact operator (e. g. of a rel'ay) in a group of nl.n2 electrical contact operators. However, they may -as well consist in the simultaneous operation of a group of two or more contact operators in varions combinations wherefor obviously a total nurnber of less than i1..i2 contact operations -is required for n1.n2 different functions.

The consideration set forth hereinabove apply to the case that for each couple of parameters a difierent function of the electrical contact operators and/or indicating mechanisrns is to be triggered ot; however, it is also possible that several different conples -of parameter are coordnated to a single function of the contact operators. This is for example the case when the result of one -ph-asc of operation of the appliance is introdnced as one of the parameters into the next phase of operation of the applance; the nnmber of contact operators rcquired is rednced in this case to '11 (or to 112) and the number of couples tor equal function to n2 (or to 711, respectively). Such switching operations have prac tica] importance everywhere where by means of groups of electrical contact operators certain functions are to be trggered of and/or are to be ndicated in indcatinp mechanisms, as the case may be, such as e. g. for automatic telephones, duplex talkng systems etc. and particularly for coding machines and a certain group of electrical calcnlating machines.

By the aid of such appliances for the electrical opera- 2 tion of switches with indicatng mechariisms according to two or more parameters, electrical :ca1culating nachines can be blt up. A calculating operation which is characterized by a mathematica-l operator (e-. g. the addition), connects two calc1ilation figures (in a numerical calculation: numbers) in such a manner that as a result a thirdfigure (in a numerical -calculationz agan a number) is formed. Let us nowconsider the addition in the decimal system of numbers rather more closly:

Firstly each place may be condered as an individnal group. Thea, the two -parameters of the applance occur as two series each of 10 discrete values, which correspond to the digitsof the decimal system. Bach individual combination of two parameters determines a fnnction of electrical contact operators, together with indicating rnechanisms, if desireil; hdweVer, the same functions may correspond to different cdmbintions :a total of ten functions heing possible which in turn c0rrespond to the ten digits. Thus, for exarnple, the tfunction which corresponds to the digit 5 is forrned by the following combinations of parameters: (0, 5), (l, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 0). Tothese devices for each place, however, a further device incornmon for all places has to be superimposed, which has the eflect that With certain combinatons of parameters in the subordinte devices which correspond to the indvidnal places a follow-up action "is imparted 'on to the mmediatel5 preceding subordinate device (decde transfer).

This kind of calculatirrg machines is distinguished in principle from those calclating machines which are based on the connting procedure, and it is irrelevant in principle Whether thenumber of teeth of sprocket Wheels, of stepped drums or the lke is counted and added as in the known mechanica] calculating machines, orthe 'numbcr of electrical impulses as in some electrical calculating machines. They have a separate independent element for each number whereas the Inechanic'al or electrical machines of the kind mentond first have an element for each place.

Devices for the electrical opeton of switches and/ or electrical ndication by means of groups of electrical contact operators and/or indicating =mechanisms according t0, for example, two parameters 'can b built up in a known manner by means of sWitches "and sets of switches corresponding to the parameters, and by snital le arrangement of lines between the sarne and the contact operators (say for the reintroduction of the result into the next phase of operationof the ppliance) and/or -the ndicating mechanism (for the indicatin of the result) As a -rule n1 single sWtches are nsed for the fitst series, and n2 sets of switches for the second series, eachof which sets consists of nl individnal switches to be erated jointly. The disadvantage of these devices consists in the great total number of switches, as Welt as in the great number of switches in the individnal sets of switches, which have to be operated jontly by the switching forces available which in most cases Zare liinite d.-

The digital type cornputer according to the nventin described. hereinafter carries out addtions by electrornagnetic operation of switchs and is -free trom these disadvantagcs of accumulation of switches, since it is based on a magntic principle. It is characterized hy a special constrnction of the electrornagnetic cntact operators which have at least two groups of coils connected to ne another, at least two of which are current-carrying and either cooperate or act ag ainst one another electroma'gnetically. By appropriate dimensionirig of the nnn1her of turns of the ndividual windings, of the current intensity of the current passing through then1 and finally by providing a ditferent sense of winding of the individual Wind.- ings, it can be acheved that in the contact operators magnetic forces of attraction are set np corresponding to the fnnction desired, r (with windings having opposte senses of winding, hifilar circuits) cancelled out, Whereby the switches desired are operated, and accordngly the function desired is triggered ofl.

in the accornpanying drawings, embodiments of the invention are shown by way of example, in which:

Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a first embodi- -ment with switching diagram,

Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of a second embodiment with switching diagram,

Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a third embodiment with switching diagram,

Figs. 4a and 4b show an embodiment of a contact operator, partly in section,

Figs. 5a and 5b show a further embodiment of a con tact operator, partly in section,

Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating the general arrangement of several decimal order units,

Fig. 7 is a graph showing the magnetic field strengths of associated relay coils.

The digital computer according to the present invention consists of a plurality of order units, one order unit being provided for each decimal order. The general arrangement of the computer is shown in Fig. 6. The order units are indicated with the reference numerals U1 U2, U3, and it will be understood that there are as many order units U provided as decimal orders are to be computed. Bach order unit U1 to U100 is provided with a key bank T1, T10, T100 etc. which serve for entering the addendurn. The key banks are generally indicated by the reference character II, and are provided with ten keys corresponding to the digits from zero to nine.

Each order unit as shown in Fig. 1 contains two groups A and B of electrical contact operators which may be for example electromagnetic relays. The group A contains nineteen members 0 to 9 and 0 to 8 which are equipped with twin switches 13 (series III) which are closed when the relay armatures are not attracted. Members 0 to 9 represent the numbers from 0 to 9, while members 0 to 8 represent the numbers from 10 to 18. Each individual contact operator 11 of the group A comprises three windings 14, 15, 16 which are indicated by short heavy lines on the associated conductors. The windings 14, 15, 16 of each contact operator 11 are connected with one another and are thereby arranged in series. All the windings 14 and 15 have the same number of turns whereas the windings 16 have gradually and linearly increasing numbers of turns so as to produce a progressively increasmg field strength in the solenoids 16 associated with members 0 to 8. The group B contains ten electromagnette contact operators 12, e. g. holding relays which correspond to the ten digits of a place, and which may be provided with indicating members for the indication of the result stored in them. They comprise two rnutually equal windings 17 and 18 each. At the same time, their working switches 19 serve for introducing the parameter of the ser1es I m the present case the augend to be subyected to add1t1on. The addendum is introduced into the switches 20 of the keyboard II by key operated switches.

For carrying out the addition of two numbers, the same have to be introdued into the keyboard 11. Re fore the first number is introducecl, i. e. in the initial pos tron, the switch 0 of the series I is closed; after introduc1ng the first term of the sum, the switch corresponding to the Same is closed.

Af ter introducing one term of the sum, the following circuits are set up, leading from the current source a to the issue b:

1. Into the coils 16,

2. Via the keyboard II into a portion of the resistance 21 the size of which is determined by the number kyed- 111, and frorn there into' the coils 14;

3. Via a switch 19 of the series I which had been closed during the preceding calculation by a holding relay 12, sav 0, them via a portion of the resistance 22 into the coils 15.

The resistances 21 and 22 which are capable of being tapped are so dimensioned that, after the closed switches 19 and 20 the windings 14 and 15 are passed by gradually and l1nearly increasing currents so that the magnetic forces add up, assuming the same sense of winding of the COI1S. Now the coils 16 are wound in the opposite sense to the coils 14 and 15, or if the sense of the winding 1S' the same, they are passed by a current in the opposite d1rect1on, so that upon their being passed by c1irrents, the magnetic forces generated by them are weakened by those generated by the windings 14 and 15. A11 coils 14 and all coils 15 carry the same current when two switches 19, 20 are operated, and produce the same field strength on each member 11. The field strength of the co1ls 16 progresses from 0 to 8 and is chosen in such marmer that the field of the coil 16 of the member 11 which corresponds to the result is cancelled by the op posing fields of the associated coils 14, 15. As clearly shown in Figure 1 the branches of the current ab passing through resistances 22 and 21, respectively, are larger when passing through a shorter portion of the resistance, for instance when switches 8 of the group of switches 19 and 20 are closed, respectively, them when passing through the entire resistances 21 and 22, respectively, when switches 0 of the group of switches 19 and 20, respectively, are closed. The maximum of each of the branches of current ab is reached when the respective switches 19 and 20 (9) are closed. Consequently, windings 16 have the least number of windings on contact operator 1, and the maximum number of windings on contact operator 8, since the magnetic force of each winding 16 must be capable of compensating the combined magnetic forces of the corresponding windings 14, 15. In order to indicate opposite passage of current through 14, 15 on one hand and windings 16 on the other hand the windings are shown by lines of different thickness. Accordingly, it in the course of operation two windings of a relay are energized which are indicated in different strength of lines, the same operate against one another magnetically.

By appropriately dimensioning the current intensities and numbers of windings, it can be achieved that always in one of the nineteen contact operators of the group A a full compensation of the magnetic forces is attained, while in all others, remnant forces are active which make them respond. Fig. 7 graphically illustrates the magnetic forces and the field strengths in the coils 14, 15, and 16. The field strength in coil 14 is constant and indicated by the broken line 14. The field strength in coils 15 is also constant and indicated by the broken line 15. The field strengths of the coils 16 progressively increase since the number of the windings of the coils 16 is progressively increased trom relay members and 118. The magnetic field strengths of the coils 16 is opposed to the field strength of the coils 14 and 15, and therefore illustrated on the negative side of Fig. 7. The resultant of the magnet field strengths of the coils 14 and 15 is indicated as a solid line 14, 15 and is opposed to the field strengths of the coils 16. In Fig. 7 is shown how the resultant field of the coils 14 and 15 equals only on one relay 11 the gradually progressive field strength of the coils 16 while in all other relays 11 resultant forces, indicated by a dash and dot line, remain, which are partly positi"e and partly negative, and eiect opening of the twin contacts 13, while the single contact 5 corresponding to the result 5 remains closed. According to whether the addition has led to a value below 10 or above 10, a relay ofthe group A from 0 to 9, or from 0 to 8 will be energized. That switch 13 of the series III which is associated to the said relay which does not respond since the fields of windings 14, 15 have the same field strength as the winding 16 on this particular relay, accordingly re mains closed, while all the other switches 13 are opened. With the passage of current from a to b the first phase of operation of the calculation procedure is terminated, and S0 is the calculation proper.

The second phase of the operation serves merely for storing the result in group B and to perform a decade transfer, if necessary:

The entrance of the current is denoted c, the exit of the current is denoted d. As will be seen from the figure, the current at 0 can be passed alternatively via the circircuit 23 or 24. If the arrangement or decimal order unit shown in Fig. 1 is associated with a decirnal order higher than the unit order, the current entrance 23 is connected directly to the current exit 25 of the next lower order, and the current entrance 24 is directly connected with the current exit 26 of the next lower order. Suitable gating means, not shown, are provided for the lowest decimal order in which the current always enters at 23. Entrance of the current at 23 means that the preceding place does not require any decade transfer. Entrance of the circuit at 24 means that a decade transfer has got to take place. The current exit at 25 or 26 of the preceding place accordingly determines the entrance iuto the next place. The zero contacts 10 and H0 are closed by a clearance operation preceding each series of computing operations. A separate unit is provided for each decimal place of a number consisting of several digits, Figure 1 showing the unit for the lowest digit. In the event that two figures are added, the sum of which does not exceed 9, the current passes during the second phase of the operation from 23 -through any one of the twin contacts 13 (0.) 't0113 (9) through the windings 18, and further through the current exit 25.

In the event that the surn of the adclecl fig uies exceeds one of the switches 13 (0) to 13 (8) is closed since such switches represent numbers from to 18. Consequeutly,- the current P1SS6S -from 23 thr.ough the closed switch, through the corresponding winding 17 and to c urrent exit 2.6, which is connected to current entrancc 24 of the next higher unit, corresponding to the next higher decimal place. Assumiig that there is no figure stored in this next hgh r unit, which corresponds to closed zero contacts, the current en-tering the next higher unit -at 2A- will pass through switch 13 (4)) of the neXt hight unit through coils 18 (1) and t hrough current xi 2 v coil 18 (1) er switch 19 en in i ating mechanism indicating a 1 in the next higher decir-nal place may be actua;ted, The operation of this second phase of operation is quite clear trom thedrawing: the holding relays and theind-iceting members 12 are made to respond te a current passing one of the windings. The cooperation, accord-ing to the invention, of sever-al winingS in om contact operator does not, therefore, occur in the second phase of operation. The deeimal order units, each of which corresponds to one decimal place, areconnec ted in series, and the conduetors 25, 26 are always connected to the conductors 23, 24, respectively, of the next highcr decimal order unit.

In the arrangement or order unit shown in Fig. 1 the means for the tens-transfer m-ay be ornitted in the first unit for computing the lowest decimal order. Hovvever, to simplify manufacture. the order units for all deeimal orders are the same as llustr-ated in Fig. 1. For -a faultless interplay of the phases of opcration it is necessary that the eieet of one phase reaches over into the other phase (which can be achieved by mechanic-al arresting in the sets of switches I and 111, by the use of delayed drop relays, holding relays, etc). The same applies likewiseto the embodiments according to Figs. 2 and 3 which will be described later.

According to a preterred ernbodiment, the resistance portions of the resistance 21 are dimensioned as follows:

Resistaneeot Reslstance Portion Ii Tot al Resistancc is R Resistancc Portion Located Bctwceu Contacts- The resistance portions are varied frorn 27.9 ohms to 6.631 ohm it R is approximately 5.6- ohms. The voltages rcquired for 100 effective ampere Windings are:

l. For coils 14 and 15: Voltage U14 equals U15 and is approxmately 11 volts.

2. For coils 16 voltage Umis approximately 19 volts.

The impulse load of the element varies betwecn 0.35 w. and 8.67 w. in accordan ce with the .c0mputed values. The in1pulse currents in the coils 14 and 15 vary between 6.2 and 2 amperes, The impulse currents of the coils 16 are constant 3.33 amperes.

In what follows, a working exampie for the present embodirnent Will be given: The calculation 6+7=13 is to he carried out. The current flows in the switch diagram of? Fig. 1 into the circuit at (1, and branches into threc paths: one leads directly via the windings 16, the two others via the closed contacts I'l andl16, via part of the resistances 22 and 21 and via the windings 15 and 14, which nragnetically counteract the windirig 16. By wea=k cning the resistances in the two last mentioned circuits 15 and 14, it will. be achieved that the magnetic forces cancel one another out in the contact operator A3" only, the twin switches of the series 1113" remaining here closed, while all the others are opcned by magnetie attracton. Thereby the first phase of operation is terminated.

It rnay now be assurned that the calculation inpreccding case has led* te a result without a decade transter. Then the. current in the subsequent phase of operation enters at 023 and energizes the contact operator B3 so that the switch I3: is closed. The current leaves the place at 26 and flows at 24 into the next higher unit which has the effect that instead of the value u calculated in A, the value u-t-1 is ndcated on the switches I.

Another ernbodiment, also for performing additions, is shown in Fig. 2. It is characterized in that the electromagnetic contact operators 11 have several separate and independent windngs or electromagnet systems, and solenod cores or armatures, respectively, cooperating with them; these cores or armatures are, however, Inechanically connected to one another, so that the attracting of one core orarmature carries along all the cores or armatures, which mov.ement efiects the operation of switches and, if desired, also the operation of indicating meeham'sms. The device according to Fig. 2 corresponds in principle to that according to Fig. 1, with the dilerencc only that the selection of the contact operator of the series A givng the result does not take place by means of resistances which vary the current intensity in the i11- dividual coils, but by the choice of the coils in the con tact operators 11 each of which comprises ten coils. Accordingly the same reference numerals have been used for parts corresponding to those of Fig. 1.

In this embodiment the resistances 21 and 22 are dispensed with, and instead of the windings 14, 15, 16 of the electrical contact operators 11, in Fig. 2 two windings of each of the ten coils of the contact operators 11 are used oppositely wound coils are again indicated by lines of different thickness, according to the sense of the passage of current, For the sake of clearness lines of equal thickness indicate the connecting wires for the windings of one kind, and the respective winding itselt so that the crossing of a connecting wire with the symbols 11 denoting the coil windings indicates a winding of ons sort.

The windings of the coils are accordingly again passed by currents partly in the opposite sense, partly in the same sense. Let us follow e. g. the calculation 7+6=e13: In the series I, the switch of the digit 7 is closed, in the series 11 the switch of the digit 6. If we follow the circuits, we see that in all contact operators separate coils are passed the two branches of current ab. with the exception of the contact operators 3 and 3. Since the individual electromagnetic systezms of the contact operators work magnetcally independent of one another, in all contact operators in which only one wind ing of each of two separate coils is passed by a current, the core-systems will be attracted. In the contact operator 3 the two windings of one coil are passed by the current in the sarne sense so that here, too, response of the contact operator takes place, whereas in 3 two wndings of one coil are passed in the opposite sense so that the magnetic forces cancel one another out. In the ultimate effect consequently all twin rest contacts of the series 111 are opened except the twin contact 3 which remains closed. The further operation of the appliance takes place analogous to the scheme of Fig. 1.

An adva-ntage of the appliance described consists in that all the contact operators attached are operated by an equally streng magnetic force.

The manner of operation of this device is as follows:

The calculation, say, 6+7=13 is to be carried out. The current flows into the wiring diagram of Fig. 2 at a and is branched into two paths: one leads via the switch II6 into the horizontal group 27 of windings, the other via the switch I7 into the oblique group 28 of coils. In the contact operators A3 and A3 the windings passed by a current are arranged on the same coils. In A3 the same are wound in such a marmer that the forces energized by the passage of current reinforce one another, whereas they canc el one another out in A3. In all other contact operators A the magnet systems are operated independently of the sense of passage, since according to an assnmption the individual magnetic svstems. operate independently of one another. Accordngzly the twin switch III3' only remains closed. The seconcl. phase of operation takes place completely analogous to the second phase of operaton of the embodiment disclosecl with reference to Fig. 1.

Fig 3 shows a-gain a third embodiment of an appliance for addtion. Here the ten digits of each place of the decadic system are divided into two groups, e. g. into the digts0: to 4 and the digts 5 to 9. E&Gh digit has accordingly to be characterized here by two members,

to wit one member which selects a twin number out of the group of five (e. g. 1, 6) and a separating rnember which determines which one of the two digits actually applies. In Fig. 3 the contact operators of the dividing group are denoted u and v. When for exarnple in the series I the digit 6 is obtained, the switches for 1, 6 and for v have to be closed simultaneously. The result which is stored as usual by the contact operators 12 requires accordingly the simultaneous response of two contact operators.

The adjustng of the second number by the key board II can, however, take place if desired in the decadic system. It is of course quite easy to let also the result of the ten switch operators 12 appear in the decadic system instead of, as shown in Fig. 3, in groups of five.

Here, too, we distinguish the first phase of calculation in which the result is furnished to the contact operators of the group A in a coded manner, as it were, from the second phase of calculation which is sornewhat involved here and which eiects the decade transfer, and performs the adjustrnent of the series I for the next calculation. When subdividing into groups of five, although one has to close two switches for each digit, one has the great advantage that the absolute number of contact operators as well as the number of their magnetically independent individual systems is substantially reduced: in group A there are twelve contact operators, each with three to five individual systems, instead of nineteen each with ten individual systems as in Fig. 2; in group B (adjustment group for series I) there are seven instead of ten.

As an exarnple of the operation, the calculation 6+7=13 may be carried out: the current flows into the wiring diagram of Fig. 3 at a and is branched into two paths. One of them leads via the switch Bv into the group 27 of windings of the contact operators Au, Az, Av and from there via the switch I27 into the group 28 of windings of the contact operators A to A3. The other path leads from a to the point 29 and is divided here. Since in the group 11 the switch 116 is closed, the current passes the group 30 of windings of the contact operators Au, Az, Av, and from here through the group 31 from A0 to 3. All of the contact operators of the group A are put into action except Az and A3, in which the magnetic forces cancel one another out. In the second phase of operation the current enters at 23 (no decade transfer of the preceding place), passes, since the switch A3 is closed, the winding of the contact operator B3, 8 and the left hand contact of the twin switch? III3, then the coil of the contact operator Bu via the left hand side contact of the closed twin switch IIIz into the current exit 26, which is connected to the current entrance 24 of the next unit. Accordingly, in the next decimal place firstly the twin number 3, 8 is indicated and, by the attraction of Bu, it is indicated that, of these two digits, 3 has to apply. Since the current entrance into the next place takes place at 24, a decade transfer 1S effected in the latter.

It is quite obvious that in an analogous manner the appliance according to Fig. 1, too, can be constructed according to the system of groups of five.

Embodiments of contact operators having several magnetic elements which are magnetically independent of one another and are arranged one on top of the other and/or side by side, are illustrated in Fig. they show in principle two potential embodirnents each havrng five winding coils. In Fig. 4 five solenoid coils 31 with two windings each, disposed on top of one another on a single coil body are provided, the coils of wh1ch cooperate with five iron cores 32 which are fixedly connected with, but magnetically separated trom one another. When two separate coils are passed by a current, the system of iron cores is attracted upward, and can operate the switches 33.

In Fig. 5, five separate electromagnetrc systeins are arranged side by side, but with a common armature, which may also be magnetically subdivided, and which opens the twin rest contacts 36 When attracted.

Thc cores of the embodiment according to F1g 4 as well as the armatures of the embodiment accord1ng to Fig. 5 may be subdivided in such a manner that they are not combined into a single whole, but into g roups. Thereby the possibility of further combinatrons 1n the operation of switches is given.

I wish it to be understood thatI do not desire to be limited to the exact details of the switching diagrams and of the construction shown and described, for obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art.

What -I claim as my invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. In an electrie calculating machine, in combination, a plurality of switches, each switch representing a digit; a plurality of operating means, each operating means including a plurality of windings and a movable mernber, each of said movable rnembers being operatively connected to one of said switches for opening the sarne When said movable member is actuated, at least one winding of said plurality of windings creating a magnetic field opposed to the magnetic fields of the other windings of said plurality of windings; a first group of conductor means adapted to be connected to a source of current, at least one conductor means of said first group of conductor means connecting a first set of windings in series, said first set of windings comprising at least one winding of said plurality of windings of each of said operating means; a plurality of first switch means, each switch means representing a digit and located in one of said conductor means of said first group of conductor means; a second group of conductor means, at least one conductor means of said second group of conductor means connecting a second set of windings in series, said second set of windings comprising at least one other winding of said plurality of windings of each of said operating means; a plurality of second switch means each of said second switch means representing a digit and located in one of said second group of conductor means, the arrangernent being such that only in one of said operating means the magnetic forces of all windings thereof cancel each other permitting one of said plurality of switches to remain closed When one switch means of said first switch means, and one switch means of said second switch means are closed, said one closed switch representing the sum of the digits represented by the closed switch means of said first switch means and of the closed switch means of said second switch means 2. In an electric calculating machine, in combination, a plurality of switches, each switch representing, a dgit; a plurality of operating means, each operating means including three windings and a movable member, each of said movable members being operatively connected to one of said switches for openingthe sarne When said movable member is actuated; a first tapped resistance: a first group of conductor means adapted to be connected to a source of current, the parallel connection of said first group of conductor means being formed on one side thereof by said first tapped resistance, one conductor means of said first group of conductor means connecting a first set of windings in series, said first set of windings comprising at least one winding of said pluralitv of windings of each of said operating means; a plurality of first switch means, each switch means representing a digit and located in one of said conductor means of said first group of conductor means; a second tapped resistance: a second group of conductor means. the parallel connection of said second group of conductor means being formed on one side thereof bv said second tapped resistance, one conductor means of said second aroun of conductor means connecting a second set of windings creating a magnetic field having the sarne direction as the mannetic field of said first set of windings and in series, said second set of windings comprising at least one other wind ing of said plurality of windings of each of said operatng means: a plurality of second switch means each of said second switch means representing a digit and located in one of said second group of conductor means; a conductor means adapted to be connected to a source of current and connecting a third set of windings in series. said third set of windings comprising one turther winding of said plurality of windings of each of said onerating means and having a magnetic field opposite to the mat!- netic field of said first and second sets of windings, the number of turns of each of said further windings being progressively increased on each of said operating means.

said one closed switch representing the sun1 of the digits represent ecl by the closed switch means of: said first switch: means and of the closedswitch means of said second switch means.

3. In en electric calculating machine, in combination, a plurality of switches, each switch representing a digit; aplurality of operating means, each operating means 1ncluding three windings and a movable rnernber, each ofsaid movable members being operatively connected to one of said switches for opening the samewhcn said movablemember is actuated; a first tapped resistance;- a first group of conductor means adapted to be connected to a source of current, the parallel connection ofsaid first group of conductor means being formed on one side thereof by said first tapped resistance, one conductor means of said first group of conductor means connecting a first set of winding in series, said first set of windings comprising at least onewinding of said plurality of windings of each of said operating means, the windings of said first set of windings having thesarne number of turns; a piurality of first switch means, each switch means representing a dgit andlocated in one of said conductor means of said first group of conductor means; a second tapped resistance; a second. group of conductor means, the parallel connection of said secondgroup of conductor means being formed on one side thereof by said second tapped resistance, one conductor means of said second group of conductor means connecting a second set of windings in series, said second set of windings comprising at least one other winding of said plurality of windings of each of said operating means,- thewiridings of said second set of windings having the same numher of turns; a plurality of second switch means each of said second switch means representing a digitandlocated in one of said second group of conductor means; a conductor means adapted to be connected to a source of current and connecting a third set of windings in series, said third set of windings cornpfising one"fur ther winding of said plurality of windings of each of said operating means and having a magnetic field opposite to the magnetic field of said first and second setsof windings, the number of turns of each of said further windings being progressively increased on each of said operatingmeans the arrangement being such that only in one of said operating means the rnagnetic forces of all windings thereof cancel each other permitting one of said plurality of switches to remain closed when one switch means of said first switch means, and one switch means of said second switch means are closed, said one closed switch representing the sum of the digits represented by the closed switch means of said first switch means and of the closed switch means of said second switch means.

4. In an electric calculating machine, in combination, a plurality of switches, each switch representing a digit; a plurality of: operating means, each operating means including a movable member and a plurality of coils, each coil comprising a first and a second winding creating equal magnetic fields, each of said coils being magnetically independent of the other coils, and each winding adapted when energized to actuate said movable member, each of said movable members being operatively connected to one of said switches for opening the same when said movable member is actuated; a first group of conductor means adaptcd to be connected to a source of current, the conductor means of said first group of conductor means connecting in series a first set of first windings; a plurality of first switch means, each switch means representing a digit and located in one of said conductor means of said first group of conductor means; a second group of conductor means, the conductor means of said second group of conductor means connecting a second set of said second windings in series; a plurality of second switch means each of said second switch means representing a digit and located in one of said second group of conductor means, the arrangement being such that only in one of said operating means first and second windings are passed by current and produce opposte and equal magnetic fields so that the magnetic forces of all windings thereof cancel each other permitting one of said plurality of switches to 1ernain closed when one switch means of said first switch means, and one switch means of said second switch means are closed, said one closed switch representing the sum of the digits represented by the closed switch means of said first switch means and of the closed switch means of said second switch means.

5. In an electric calculating machine, in combination,

10 a.plurality of switches, each switch representing adigit in one of two decirnal places, and having two: contact means; a plurality of operating means, each operating meansincludii1g a plurality of. windings and a movable rnember, each of said rnovaole mernbers being operatively connected to one of said switches for opening the same when saidfmovable niernber is actuated, at least one winding,- ofi said plurality of windings creating a n1agnetic field opposedto: the magnetic fields of the other windings of saidxplurality of windings; a first group of conductor means adapted to be connected to a source of current, at least one conductor means of said first group of conductor means connecting a first set of windings in series, said first set of windings comprisingat least one winding of said plurality of windings of each of said operating rixeans; apluraiity of first switch means, each switch means representing a digit and iocated in one of said conductor means of said. first group of conductor means; second group of conductor means, at least one conductor means of said second? group of conductor means connectng a second set of windings in series,- said second set of windings comprising at least one other winding of saidlplurality of windings of each of said operating means; a plurality of second switch means each of said second switch means representing a digt and located in one of said second group of conductor means, the arrangement being such that only in one of said operating means theunagnetic forces of all windings thereof cancel each other perrnitting one of said plurality of switches tol remain closed when one. switch means of said first switch means, and one switch means of said second switch means are closed, said one closed switch representing the sum of the digits represented by the closed. switch means ofsaid first switch means and of the closed switch means of sa1d second switch means; further operating means, each includirig two further windings and a movable core. operatively connected to one of said first switch means; two conductors connected in parallel, each of saidconductors connecting one of said contact means of one of said switches and one of each of said two further windings. in series; the arrangement being suchthat a current passing in an identical arrangement througl1 one ofsaid two conductors and through one of the contact means of one of said switches representing :a higher decimal place is adapted to pass through the, other of said conductors and another of said contact means and one of said two further windings and to actuate a switch of said firsttswitchmeans being next in order to a closed.

first switch and representing a digit higher by one than the digt represented by said first closed switch.

6. In en electric calculating machine, in combination, a plurality of switches, each switch representing a digit in one of two decirnal places, and having two contact means; a plurality of operating means, each operating means including a movable member and. a plurality of coils, each coil comprsing a first and a second winding creating equal magnetic fields, each of said coils being magnetically independent of the other coils, and each winding adapted when energized to actuate said rnovable member, each of said movaoie members being operatively connected to one of said switches for opening the same when said movable member is actuated; a first group of conductor means adapted to be connected to a source of current, the conductor means of said first group of conductor means connecting in series a first set of said first windings; a plurality of first switch means, each switch means representing a digit and located in one of said conductor means of said first group of conductor means; a second group of conductor means the conductor means of said second group of conductor means connecting a second set of said second windings in series; a plurality of second switch means each of said second switch means representing a digit and located in one of said second group of conductor means, the arrangement being such that only in one of said operatng means first and second windings are passed by current and produce OPPOSG and equal magnetic fields so that the magnetic forces of all windings thereof cancel each other permitting one of said plurality of switches to remain closed when one switch means of said first switch means, and one switch means of said second switch means are closed, said one closed switch representing the surn of the digits represented by the closed switch means: of said first switch means and of the closed switch means of said second switch means; further operating means, each including two further windings and a movable core operatively connected to one of said first switch means; two conductors connected in parallel, each of said conductors connecting one of said contact means of one of said switches and one of each of said two further windings in series, the arrangement being such that a current passing in an identical arrangement through one of said two conductors and through one of the contact means of one of said switches representing a hgher decimal place is adapted to pass through the other of said conductors and another of said contact means and one of said two further windings and to actuate a switch of said first switch means being next in order to a closed first switch and representing a digit higher by one than the digit represented by said first closed switch.

7. In an electric calculating machine, in combination, a plurality of switches, each switch representing a digit in one of two decimal places, and having two contact means; a plurality of operating means, each operating means including three windings and a movable member, each of said movable members being operatively connected to one of said switches for opening the same when said movable member is actuated; a first tapped resistance; a first group of conductor means adapted to be connected to a source of current, the parallel connection of said first group of conductor means being formed on one side thereof by said first tapped resistance, one conductor means of said first group of conductor means connecting a first set of windings in series, said first set of windings comprising at least one winding of said plurality of windings of each of said operating means, the windings of said first set of windings having the same number of turns; a plurality of first switch means, each switch means representing a digit and located in one of said conductor means of said first group of conductor means; a second tapped resistance; a second group of conductor means, the connection of said second group of conductor means being formed on one side thereof by said second tapped resstnce, one conductor means of said second groupof conductor means connecting a second set of windings in series, said second set of windings comprising at least one other winding of said plurality of windings of each of said operatng means, the windings of said second set of windings having the same number of turns; a plurality of second switch means each of said second switch means representing a digit and located in one of said second group of conductor means; a conductor means adapted to be connected to a source of current and connecting a third set of windings in series, said third set of windings comprising one further winding of said plurality of windings of each of said operating means and having a magnetic field opposite to the magnetic field of said first and second sets of windings, the number of turns of each of said further windings being progressively increased on each of said operating means, the arrangement being such that only in one of said operating means the magnetc forces of all windings thereof cancel each other permitting one of said plurality of switches to remain closed when one switch means of said first switch means, and one switch means of said second switch means are closed, said one closed switch representing the sum of the digits represented by the closed switch means of said first switch means and of the closed switch means of said second switch means; further operating means, each including two further windings and a movable core operatively connected to one of said first switch means; two conductors connected in parallel, each of said conductors connecting one of said contact means of one of said switches and one of each of said two further windings in series, the arrangement being such that a current passing in an identical arrangement through one of said two conductors and through one of the contact means of one of said switches representing a higher decimal place is adapted to pass through the other of said conductors and another of said contact means and one of said two further windings and to actuate a switch of said first switch means being next in order to a closed first switch and representing a digit higher by one than the digit represented by said first closed switch.

8. A device, according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of switches is arranged in two groups, each switch of one group representing two digits, and each switch of the other group representing one of said two digits represented by said switches of said first group.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,515995 Bryce Nov. 18, 1924 2,195,267 Bush Mar. 26, 1940 2538826 Avery Jan. 23, 1951 OTI-IER REFERENCES Circuit Elements in Electrical Remote Control, Dorr and Galton; Electronics; December 1942; pages 57-61. 

